{"id":3712,"date":"2024-03-10T03:52:37","date_gmt":"2024-03-10T03:52:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/?p=3712"},"modified":"2024-03-10T03:52:37","modified_gmt":"2024-03-10T03:52:37","slug":"lich-su-phat-trien-cua-tri-tue-nhan-tao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/2024\/03\/10\/lich-su-phat-trien-cua-tri-tue-nhan-tao\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o."},"content":{"rendered":"<table width=\"638\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"638\">\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">N\u1ed9i dung ch&iacute;nh<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#_Lich_su_phat_trien_cua_tri_tue_nhan_tao\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">1<\/span> \u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#Su_hinh_thanh_cua_tri_tue_nhan_tao_giai_doan_1943_1955\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">1.1<\/span> S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ( giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1943 \u2013 1955)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Khai_sinh_cua_tri_tue_nhan_tao_1956\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">1.2<\/span> Khai sinh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (1956).<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Giai_doan_ky_vong_cua_AI_1952-1969\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">1.3<\/span> Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a AI (1952-1969)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"_Lich_su_phat_trien_cua_tri_tue_nhan_tao\"><strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Su_hinh_thanh_cua_tri_tue_nhan_tao_giai_doan_1943_1955\"><strong>S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ( giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1943 \u2013 1955)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 Nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Warren McCulloch v\u00e0 Walter Pitts (1943).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 sinh l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh trong n\u00e3o;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 logic m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Russell v\u00e0 Whitehead;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Turing.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 &#8220;b\u1eadt&#8221; ho\u1eb7c &#8220;t\u1eaft&#8221;, v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i &#8220;b\u1eadt&#8221; x\u1ea3y ra khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 &#8220;t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ee7.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng minh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i logic (v\u00e0, ho\u1eb7c, kh\u00f4ng, vv.) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. McCulloch v\u00e0 Pitts c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc. Donald Hebb (1949) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ee9c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. Quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc Hebbian, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n<p>Hai sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Harvard, Marvin Minsky v\u00e0 Dean Edmonds, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950. SNARC, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 3000 \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom B-24 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c 40 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i Princeton, Minsky nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Khai_sinh_cua_tri_tue_nhan_tao_1956\">Khai sinh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (1956).<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Princeton l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c AI, John McCarthy. Sau khi nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1951 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong hai n\u0103m, McCarthy chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Stanford r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Dartmouth, n\u01a1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i khai sinh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>McCarthy thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Minsky, Claude Shannon v\u00e0 Nathaniel Rochester gi\u00fap \u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Hoa K\u1ef3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai th\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i Dartmouth v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1956. \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00eau r\u00f5:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 2 th\u00e1ng v\u1edbi 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1956 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Dartmouth \u1edf Hanover, New Hampshire. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho m\u00e1y m\u00f3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00f9ng nhau gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a h\u00e8. C\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1, bao g\u1ed3m Trenchard More t\u1eeb Princeton, Arthur Samuel t\u1eeb IBM, Ray Solomonoff v\u00e0 Oliver Selfridge t\u1eeb MIT.<\/p>\n<p>Hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb Carnegie Tech, Allen Newell v\u00e0 Herbert Simon, \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u1edd \u0111am, Newell v\u00e0 Simon \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh suy lu\u1eadn, Nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn logic (LT), v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y Simon tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129\u201d. phi s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Russell \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng khi Simon cho anh ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u1edf Principia. C\u00e1c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Logic Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n; h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Newell, Simon v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft logic. H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u1edf Dartmouth kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Trong 20 n\u0103m t\u1edbi, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i MIT, CMU, Stanford v\u00e0 IBM. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u1edf Dartmouth (McCarthy v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 1955), ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao AI c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong AI kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a AI? Hay t\u1ea1i sao AI kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 AI ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn. AI l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 chung s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh) v\u00e0 AI l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Giai_doan_ky_vong_cua_AI_1952-1969\"><strong>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a AI (1952-1969)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a AI c\u00f3 \u00edt th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c m\u1ed7i khi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u00ecn chung, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c th\u00edch tin r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c X\u201d.\u00a0 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u AI ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ebft X n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn X kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Newell v\u00e0 Simon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 GPS. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn logic, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd, h\u00f3a ra th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 thi c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. V\u00ec v\u1eady, GPS c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u201ct\u01b0 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a GPS v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Newell v\u00e0 Simon (1976) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng minh n\u00f3i chung\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thao t\u00e1c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. Sau n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i IBM, Nathaniel Rochester v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh AI \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Herbert Gelernter (1959) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1952, Arthur Samuel \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho c\u1edd \u0111am (c\u1edd) m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u: ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i hay h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1956, g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Turing, Samuel g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, anh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tr\u00ean s\u00e0n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a IBM. John McCarthy chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Dartmouth \u0111\u1ebfn MIT v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: 1958.<\/p>\n<p>Trong B\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb s\u1ed1 1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m AI c\u1ee7a MIT, McCarthy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ea5p cao Lisp, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh AI th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb cho 30 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. V\u1edbi Lisp, McCarthy c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 anh c\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh khan hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i MIT \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb th\u1eddi gian. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m 1958, McCarthy \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng AI ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft logic v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a McCarthy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chung v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2n bay. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c: r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy di\u1ec5n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1958 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1958 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u n\u0103m Marvin Minsky chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn MIT. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a anh v\u1edbi McCarthy kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. McCarthy nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn trong logic h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, trong khi Minsky quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00a0m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea3n logic. N\u0103m 1963, McCarthy th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m AI t\u1ea1i Stanford. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng logic \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1edd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a J. A. Robinson v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i (m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh cho logic b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t; xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9). C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Stanford nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung cho l\u00fd lu\u1eadn logic. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a logic bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Cordell Green (Green, 1969b) v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n robot Shakey t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Stanford (SRI).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Minsky gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh SAINT c\u1ee7a James Slagle (1963) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n t\u00edch ph\u00e2n d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P c\u1ee7a Tom Evans (1968) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra IQ.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n kinh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a McCulloch v\u00e0 Pitts c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Winograd v\u00e0 Cowan (1963) cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n chung m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang l\u1ebb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u00ednh song song. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao b\u1edfi Bernie Widrow (Widrow v\u00e0 Hoff, 1960; Widrow, 1962), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 adalines, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi Frank Rosenblatt (1962) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c perceptron c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 perceptron (Block et al., 1962) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a perceptron \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00e0o, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn AI nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 chuy\u00ean gia (expert systems) \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh AI m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, AI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, AI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong logic, khai ph\u00e1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, t\u1eadp trung gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa AI v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a AI c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn t\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. ChatGPT l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a OpenAI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 GPT-2 v\u00e0 GPT-3. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ChatGPT:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>GPT-2:<\/strong> M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh GPT-2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2019. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, OpenAI ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a GPT-2.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>OpenAI&#8217;s Approach to Development:<\/strong> OpenAI \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n sang vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh GPT-2 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2019. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AI.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>GPT-3:<\/strong> M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh GPT-3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2020 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi 175 t\u1ef7 tham s\u1ed1, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>ChatGPT:<\/strong> ChatGPT l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a GPT-3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ChatGPT v\u00e0 ChatGPT Plus, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ph\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e2ng cao.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Fine-Tuning v\u00e0 User Feedback:<\/strong> OpenAI \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 fine-tune m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed9i dung.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a OpenAI trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh AI m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc v\u00e0 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AI.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"638\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"638\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>N\u1ed9i dung ch&iacute;nh1 \u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.1.1 S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2358,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[250,233],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-deep-learning","category-tri-tue-nhan-tao"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3712","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3712"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3713,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3712\/revisions\/3713"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2358"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}