Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. -Horace Walpole. Bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1963, Richard Robles, t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng v\u1eeba m\u00e3n h\u1ea1n ba n\u0103m t\u00f9 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e1n b\u00e0i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. C\u0103n h\u1ed9 h\u1eafn l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a hai c\u00f4 g\u00e1i tr\u1ebb – Janice Wylie v\u00e0 Emily Hoffert. H\u1eafn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng trong nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra Janice Wylie \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u00e0. H\u1eafn tr\u00f3i c\u00f4 g\u00e1i l\u1ea1i. Khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb r\u1eddi \u0111i, Emily \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 h\u1eafn c\u0169ng tr\u00f3i c\u00f4 l\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, Robles k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, trong khi tr\u00f3i Emily, Janice n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edb r\u00f5 m\u1eb7t h\u1eafn v\u00e0 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t t\u00ecm ra h\u1eafn. Robles \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh. H\u1eafn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i chai \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u hai c\u00f4 g\u00e1i, r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con dao b\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e2m h\u1ecd. 25 n\u0103m sau, h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: “L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u00ean l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 ch\u1ef1c n\u1ed5 tung”. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do cu\u1ed9c “ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01a1ron. Trung t\u00e2m r\u00eca b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nguy h\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o suy ngh\u0129. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00edt bi th\u1ea3m h\u01a1n. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb t\u1edbi l\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t khi m\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafng ch\u1eedi th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 v\u1ee3 con m\u00e0 sau khi ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 “c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron, m\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n (amygdala), m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m n\u00e3o r\u00eca. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c “ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn” c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o r\u00eca kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 khi ch\u00fang ta c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee1 b\u1ee5ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a hay khi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m vui m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n
N\u1ed9i dung chính<\/p>
\u1ede con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac li\u00ean k\u1ebft nhau, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean th\u00e2n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00eca. C\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a (hippocampe) v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean v\u1ecf n\u00e3o v\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00eca n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u1ed9i dung x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ch\u1ee9ng m\u00f9 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m”. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u1eaft m\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n. Anh ta c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m. Nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt b\u1ecb c\u1eaft h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, cu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9 n\u1eefa hay nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh – nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i n\u00e3o h\u00ecnh khuy – \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 lau kh\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu. Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 – Joseph Ledoux – l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m d\u00f2 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u00f5ng r\u00eca, \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00eca kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
Sau nh\u1eefng l\u00fac n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u00e2n h\u1eadn, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra: t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3? H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t hai gi\u1edd \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u1edf Boston v\u1edbi c\u1eadu b\u1ea1n trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong b\u1eefa \u0103n, anh t\u1eb7ng cho c\u00f4 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u1eafc qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm. Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 s\u1edbm t\u1eaft khi anh t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb xem phim \u1edf r\u1ea1p v\u1edbi c\u00f4 v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u1eadp b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y. B\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1eeba kh\u00f3c c\u00f4 v\u1eeba r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7u \u0103n v\u00e0 n\u00e9m ngay b\u1ee9c tranh v\u00e0o th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c. Khi k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u00f4 th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfc v\u00ec m\u1ea5t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111i xem phim. Ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, khi xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1ea5n \u00e1t l\u00fd tr\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan truy\u1ec1n \u0111i cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trao cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00eca v\u1ecb tr\u00ed then ch\u1ed1t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u l\u00ednh canh t\u00e2m l\u00fd, xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed7i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, m\u1ed7i tri gi\u00e1c theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n duy nh\u1ea5t: “\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i nghi ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng?”. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 “\u0111\u00fang” th\u00ec h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f2i n\u1ed5 n\u01a1-ron v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, n\u00f3 li\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng ho\u00f3c-m\u00f4n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u hay ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng hay k\u00edch th\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tim – m\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng ra l\u1ec7nh ti\u1ebft ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u norepinephrine (ho\u00f3c-m\u00f4n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o), l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang l\u1ea5n \u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i do h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi li\u00ean l\u1ea1c n\u01a1-ron r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i khi \u0111i d\u1ea1o nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i lao m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do, anh nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4 g\u00e1i. C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ea1n t\u00f4i nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n. Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, LeDoux \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e3o n\u00e0o cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m t\u00ean l\u00ednh canh t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u00e1c quan. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1eaft hay tai \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00e3o, r\u1ed3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i li\u00ean b\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00e3o t\u1edbi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o suy ngh\u0129. S\u1ef1 chia \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi, n\u01a1i x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tri gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a LeDoux mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u01a1-ron \u0111i t\u1eaft trong v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u do v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t \u0111i. Nh\u01b0ng LeDoux \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 n\u01a1-ron nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, LeDoux xem x\u00e9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u00eam, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con chu\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e2m thanh c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00e8m theo. C\u00e1c con chu\u1ed9t nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c s\u1ee3 c\u00fa s\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec7n sau khi c\u00f3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e2m thanh \u1ea5y. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u1eefa tai v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n qua \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00e3o, tr\u00e1nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, chu\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. LeDoux ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: “V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fat can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.” H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tri gi\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch th\u00fa hay kh\u00f4ng. “C\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c” kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ri\u00eang, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c l\u00fd tr\u00ed. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00e3o, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o nh\u00ecn. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m x\u00fac c\u1ea3m. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n, cho ph\u00e9p tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nhanh h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng k\u00e9m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi x\u00fac c\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi trung t\u00e2m v\u1ecf n\u00e3o hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 LeDoux v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra: c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4 nguy\u00ean th\u00ec h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u00f9i v\u1ecb x\u00fac c\u1ea3m g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu Ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tai n\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a tai n\u1ea1n: n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra tai n\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng \u0111i ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc xe. Nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t ra s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i k\u1ecbch ph\u00e1t. “C\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn ra c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n \u1ea5y nh\u00ecn th\u1eadt \u00e1c c\u1ea3m”. B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho k\u00fd \u1ee9c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m: c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 in d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u00ean tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p stress, lo \u00e2u hay h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n, d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadn ra l\u1ec7nh ti\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng ho\u00f3c-m\u00f4n epinephrine v\u00e0 norepinephrine. Ch\u00fang lan t\u1ecfa trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn d\u1ecdc theo d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh ph\u1ebf v\u1ecb; n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tim, truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u do epinephrine v\u00e0 norepinephrine ph\u00e1t \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111i t\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o kh\u00e1c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 in v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 n\u01a1i h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau hay nh\u1edb r\u00f5 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi bi\u1ebft tin m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n qua \u0111\u1eddi. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch, d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1edb, m\u1ed9t cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y x\u00fac c\u1ea3m. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd \u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nguy hi\u1ec3m hay th\u00edch th\u00fa. Nh\u01b0ng k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f3 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n t\u1ed3i t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1-ron l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n r\u00e0 so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 qua. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng: khi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc hai ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng – n\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u00f3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i theo nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a, x\u00fac c\u1ea3m r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc thay, nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m g\u00e2y b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o theo ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef y t\u00e1 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ecb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n v\u00ec \u00e1m \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eefa ch\u1ea1y cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh \u1edf chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f4 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y gh\u00ea s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng khi m\u1edf ra c\u00e1i t\u1ee7 m\u00e0 con m\u00ecnh gi\u1ea5u v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i b\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng do m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i g\u00e2y ra. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n do k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u00f3 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t hay c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a (l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m trung t\u00ednh) v\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi (n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd tr\u00ed) c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. V\u1ec1 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau; m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang. Trong khi c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin ra, th\u00ec h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem n\u00f3 c\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng. Theo LeDoux, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc: b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in v\u00e0o h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u00f4 s\u01a1, khi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
Kho\u1ea3ng 3 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt to l\u1ecdt qua tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng n\u00f3c xu\u1ed1ng. T\u00f4i nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u1ed9i ch\u1ea1y ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u00f2ng, khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 v\u00ec ngh\u0129 tr\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea5p c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, nh\u00ecn quanh, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ed9p \u1edf g\u00f3c t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec r\u01a1i t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng n\u00f3c xu\u1ed1ng v\u00ec l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng n\u00f3c. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n s\u1eadp th\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi g\u1eb7p t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf nguy hi\u1ec3m, trong khi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u: n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh th\u00ec d\u00f9ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u00f4 s\u01a1, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0 LeDoux nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: “Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m.” Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nhanh, v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e2y. \u1ede lo\u00e0i chu\u1ed9t, h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e2y, trong khi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh qua v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i th\u1eddi gian. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n: n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nguy hi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta. “Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4 s\u01a1; c\u00e1i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c”, LeDoux kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u1ede con s\u00f3c, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i v\u00ec qu\u00e1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ngay t\u1eeb d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y t\u1edbi khi c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecdn sai m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 “ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n” ho\u1eb7c “v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 lao \u0111\u1ebfn” (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef ti\u1ebfp vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh r\u01a1i khay th\u1ee9c \u0103n khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh). Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o suy ngh\u0129. LeDoux n\u00f3i t\u1edbi “c\u1ea3m ti\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c” \u1edf nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u1ea5y, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin r\u1ea5t th\u00f4 s\u01a1, gi\u1ed1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c t\u1eeb v\u00e0i n\u1ed1t ch\u01a1i sai. Khi h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ngay ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta thi\u1ebfu x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh. H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng cu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9 hay ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 khi t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
Khi Jessica, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u00f4i, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00eam \u1edf nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n, m\u1eb9 c\u00f4 b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra lo l\u1eafng nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i reo l\u00fac n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam, th\u00ec ch\u1ecb \u1ea5y h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 ch\u1ea1y t\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e1y, tim \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh, trong \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Jessica \u0111ang kh\u00f3c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi nh\u1ea7m. Tr\u1ea5n t\u0129nh l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: “Th\u01b0a b\u00e0, b\u00e0 g\u1ecdi nh\u1ea7m s\u1ed1 r\u1ed3i.” H\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1ea5y. Trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u kia c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi, trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m ngay sau tr\u00e1n. V\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc can thi\u1ec7p khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i hay gi\u1eadn d\u1eef. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf hay \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf, hay \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jessica. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 tham gia ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00e3o truy\u1ec1n \u0111i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi, n\u01a1i ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng do n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Trong v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 qua th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Khi m\u1ed9t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u00e0nh d\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m t\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0o ch\u00fang cho l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc h\u01a1n, do t\u01b0 duy \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00fac c\u1ea3m. Khi ch\u00fang ta bu\u1ed3n sau m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, khi ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m vui sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng hay b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng khi ng\u1eabm l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hay c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn “nh\u1eb9 \u0111i”. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m n\u1eefa. V\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fac n\u1ed5i kh\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m hai \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i : s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng do h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m r\u00eca kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t \u0111i, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee9a con l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 h\u00e3y l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p xin ho\u1eb7c h\u00e3y ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. M\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 “d\u1eadp t\u1eaft” m\u1ed9t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u1eb1m \u1edf th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00e1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m “b\u1ed9 \u1ed5n nhi\u1ec7t” \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i hay g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n, c\u00f2n th\u00f9y tr\u00e1i th\u00ec k\u00ecm gi\u1eef x\u00fac c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f9y ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i “vui v\u1ebb v\u00f4 c\u1edb\u201d, Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1m, h\u1ecd b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1m. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean tr\u00e1i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch n\u01a1-ron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trung h\u00f2a, hay \u00edt ra c\u0169ng l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt x\u00fac c\u1ea3m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, tr\u1eeb x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t ra t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean tr\u00e1i l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 r\u00eca \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft t\u1ef7 m\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00eca k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m nh\u1eefng “chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn” hay “hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c” gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u01b0 duy, khi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4n ngoan hay suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ta h\u00e3y xem c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t t\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh g\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0 mua m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 hay tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 thi, l\u00e0 “tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c”. V\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa n\u00e3o r\u00eca v\u00e0 th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u do x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 lo \u00e2u, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef ph\u00e1t ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 t\u00ea li\u1ec7t n\u01a1-ron b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1eadt \u00fd, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5u x\u00fac c\u1ea3m l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n n\u00f3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f4i khi r\u1ea5t tinh vi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m kh\u00e1m t\u00e2m l\u00fd – th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n, hay s\u1ef1 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m l\u00fd – th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 IQ cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh \u1ea5y b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng, lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec v\u00f9ng tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00eca. Tuy c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, do kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o x\u00fac c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1eadn d\u1eef c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u nh\u00e0o n\u1eb7n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a x\u00fac c\u1ea3m khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh theo “l\u00fd tr\u00ed”. Trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, Antonio Damasio, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Iowa \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi v\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc xem h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Tuy IQ c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tho\u00e1i th\u00e1c khi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1edd h\u1eb9n g\u1eb7p ai \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa. \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p nhau gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, b\u1ecb c\u1eaft kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch, d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a con v\u1eadt y\u00eau th\u00edch hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn hay kinh s\u1ee3 n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 “qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t” hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u1ea5y v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a n\u1eb1m \u1edf h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi\u1ebfn Damasio cho r\u1eb1ng: tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh theo l\u00fd tr\u00ed, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 logic thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i (Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u00e0o? L\u1ea5y ai? v.v…). Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m (k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 sai hay \u0111\u1ed7 v\u1ee1) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Theo Damasio, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o x\u00fac c\u1ea3m can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o suy ngh\u0129 v\u1eady. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed. Trong v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, x\u00fac c\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o x\u00fac c\u1ea3m l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 hai b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, hai tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7; tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m. C\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi hai th\u1ee9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 IQ. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, th\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00fd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. S\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00eca v\u00e0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f9y tr\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n. Khi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n: \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0 Erasmus t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3. Khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y coi l\u00fd tr\u00ed tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c x\u00fac c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu m\u1edbi b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5154,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,758,763,276,204,816,821],"tags":[823,822],"class_list":["post-5153","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blogs","category-cuoc-song","category-linh-tinh-2","category-luat-hap-dan","category-mindfulness-cuoc-song-hanh-phuc-hieu-qua-chong-virus","category-suc-khoe-tam-than","category-tri-tue-cam-xuc","tag-eq","tag-tri-tue-cam-xuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5153","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5153"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5153\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5156,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5153\/revisions\/5156"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5154"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5153"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5153"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cafe2sach.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5153"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}